Unitarianism Universalism free essay sample

In a discussion numerous inquiries were posed about this exceptional and differing religion that engages its assemblies to instruct and develop how they see fit. â€Å"By making companions of my Enemies, I annihilate them. † Abraham Lincoln. These words hodl exceptionally consistent with the Unitarian view, without group or one sided rehearses that gap individuals one can venerate openly. â€Å"We need individuals to learn in a manner that is certain and instructive, yet keep up an open perspective so they can all the more likely comprehend the manner in which different societies adore. † (Rev. M. Walker, individual discussion) The start of the Unitarian Movement steps back to the year 1793 with the development of the Universal Church of America, they believed that God doesn't damn any individual perpetually and in the end they accommodate with the maker in time. The Universal Church was very foreword in their way to deal with being abolitionist subjugation well before it was a mainstream development, anyway this would about be its ruin, the same number of clergymen filled in as Chaplains in the Army during the Civil War. We will compose a custom exposition test on Unitarianism Universalism or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, through fire and flares, the development suffered and started to thrive as their perspectives turned out to be increasingly well known after the Civil War. While Universalism now was a totally unique â€Å"religion† than Unitarianism, which believed that God was not a Holy Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), yet all were a similar perspective. While no place as sorted out as the Universilist development, they despite everything had man well known supporters, and turned out to be increasingly pervasive during the 1930s. The two would anyway In 1961 as the two associations saw a chance to build their quality they consolidated into the Unitarian Universalist Congregation, by joining powers they could all the more likely spread their lessons and improve their congregational nearness all through the world. This mix of powers improved the relations with numerous assemblages, yet in addition considered them to spread into different networks conveying their message to new ears. Numerous Unitarian Universilist assemblies joined the social equality developments when the mix of the gatherings, and were among the first to help during the 60s in the south, and numerous individuals from the assemblages were segregated, scorned, if not had hurt done to their people because of their convictions in uniformity and ground breaking. This liberal view has proceeded into today, as ardent enemy of contention supporters they restricted the first Gulf War and activities in Afghanistan and Iraq (Unitarian Universalist , 2007 ). This isn't to state they are against war, however that they accept that significant open clash probably won't have been vital when different alternatives could have been utilized. Unitarianian Universalist holy places have taken the cutting edge in same-sex relations, excusing and supporting same-sex marriage.

Renaissance and how this Era influence fashion trends and designers Essay

Renaissance and how this Era impact style patterns and originators now days - Essay Example zed apparel turned out to be increasingly famous as sewing and sewing advances got far reaching and the world moved into the period of industrialization (Breward). It was then definitely that the style business was conceived; from this time forward the idea of design appeared. Renaissance is one of the signs of design and social developments spreading over from fourteenth to the seventeenth century (Zirpolo). It enveloped craftsmanship and design as well as affected science, writing, legislative issues just as numerous different parts of human life profoundly affecting the lifestyle (Zirpolo). It is nothing unexpected, along these lines, that originators additionally fell prey to the style set apart by this development which are followed to date. Works from acclaimed style originators from Italy and Germany, including Rene Ward, Andrew Mc Clellan and John Sir Michael Struck were the signs of the Renaissance development. The design drifts that developed in this time were assorted, extending from flares and wide barrel-molded clothing to smaller, slimmer outfits. Maybe dominant part of the patterns that rose up out of the Renaissance time look to some extent like contemporary design. Articles of clothing were viewed as an image of riches for the nobles and wealth just like the case today; in spite of the fact that it was all the more so in those days in the Renaissance period. Articles of clothing were seen as decorations of riches, making distinct divisions between the rich (nobles) and poor people. This keeps on being a pattern to date. Dim hues specifically were favored trying to exhibit decorations, gems and different frill (Moose). The more lucid the fitting (with cuts and styles) the higher the renown of its proprietor and the more exceptionally choice the attire was thought of. (Breward). The wealth didn't settle on attire in any event, during intense occasions, just like the case today. Garments is still observed as vital to the depiction of flourishing and riches (Mack). This is obvious to date in, for example, Great Britain where th e Royal Family proceeds to excessively

Who needs Black Friday anyway

Who needs Black Friday anyway ^Every patch is a memory, every tear has a tale. These are the stories we wear. Worn Wear Buying new stuff is fun. It provides that instant rush of novelty that consumerism thrives on. And hey, I’m not immune. But there’s also something sentimental about celebrating stuff you already have. It becomes part of you. My favorite (and well-used) fleece or puffy jacket will always remind me of certain backpacking trips in the Sierras, or favorite climbs in Yosemite. Gear becomes attached to specific memories and stories, the same way that a certain song can conjure up memories of middle school. That’s something that a shiny new parka will never provide. Yesterday, instead of lining up at midnight for the Black Friday frenzy and buying new stuff, I decided to take a different approach. I first went with my friend Emily Y. 15 to a Worn Wear gear swap hosted by the local Patagonia (you may have heard of their prominent anti-Black Friday ads). Later I dropped by the local climbing gym with a new friend. ^ hey Steph, youre blog famous!!!11cos(0) Instead of swiping credit cards, we enjoyed free food, refreshments, and music. At the Worn Wear event, I traded stories with some grizzled climbers about our favorite places in Yosemite, and swapped some old gear I had for other people’s used things. At the climbing gym, we climbed until our forearms burned and our fingertips wore out, then refueled the stoke with some ramen at ShabuMein. That sounds more in line with the spirit of Thanksgiving than a shopping spree. Speaking of Thanksgiving, every year our lovely Simmons Hall housemasters John and Ellen host a giant Thanksgiving feast, buying lots of food out of their own pocket. So, a shoutout to them, and all the wonderful volunteers who helped make the feast possible! ^I cant find my photos from the feast, so here is a photo of Simmons instead. Hope everyone had a great Thanksgiving â€" and if you went home, safe travels back!

Fauquier Gas Company Case Study - 1561 Words

Running Head: FAUQUIER GAS COMPANY CASE STUDY Fauquier Gas Company Case Study First Last Name Course Name Professors Name Date Case Name: Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts Fauquier Gas Company is one of the largest supplier of gas in the United States. Bill Murphy is the manager of Supply Management and is responsible for purchasing of materials used in distribution of gas such as pipes, meters, and fittings as well as other various materials. The supply organization falls directly under the vice-president for operations. II. Major Problem Fauquier Gas Company is slated to begin a new project to turn an area once used for agricultural work into a residential and commercial property. This means that new gas lines must†¦show more content†¦IV. Choice and Rationale Given the situation and the timeline, I believe Mr. Muphys best option would be to discuss the specifications with the design engineer and try to use the same dimensions used previously with a trusted mill. The communication within the supply chain seems to be flawed and damage control must be implemented in order to meet deadlines established by the company. V. Implementation Mr. Murphy should discuss the issue of the timeline and the negative impact on design changes with the vice-president and see if the current mill used can meet the June start date. If they are able to get enough produced to at least start project with guaranteeing the rest either prior to start or soon after then Mr. Murphy needs to place the order as soon as possible in or der to give the mills some kind of lead time. It currently takes, on average, 35 minutes to make a 45 section of gas pipe (Net4Gas). That equates to 473 pipes needed to cover 3.5 miles at 35 minutes per pipe. The total project would take 276 hours which equates to 34 days based on a 40 hour work week. If the dimensions are kept the same and the molds for the pipes are all ready set to go by the mills, then production could begin immediately and the timeline to start in 6 weeks could continue as scheduled. Mr. Murphy just needs to get place the order as soon as possible. Appendix 1. There are several key facts in this case study that causesShow MoreRelatedFauquier Gas Company Case Study1547 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: FAUQUIER GAS COMPANY CASE STUDY Fauquier Gas Company Case Study First Last Name Course Name Professors Name Date Case Name: Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts Fauquier Gas Company is one of the largest supplier of gas in the United States. Bill Murphy is the manager of Supply Management and is responsible for purchasing of materials used in distribution of gas such as pipes, meters, and fittings as well as other various materials. The supply organization falls directly under theRead MoreCase Study 2: Fauquier Gas Company901 Words   |  4 Pages Case Name: Fauquier Gas Company I. Major Facts: In this case study presented by Hood (n.d.), Fauquier Gas Company is up against a timeline to supply a new construction project in the works where agricultural land was being developed into residential and commercial use. Fauquier Gas Company is looking for supplier to help with building of 3  ½ miles of new gas pipe that will go online by beginning of September. The manager of supply management Mr. Murphy is having trouble getting any purchasingRead MoreCase Study 2: Facquier Gas Company Essay873 Words   |  4 Pages Case Study 2: Facquier Gas Company TLMT313: Supply Chain Management XXXX xxxx The case study link is provided below for the Case Study 2 Facquier Gas Company. Read and study the case and complete the questions at the end of the study. Use the case study outline below to assist you with your analysis. Questions should be answered using case study format. Ensure that you adequately explain the problem, describe alternative solutions and justify your recommendation. This exerciseRead MoreFauquier Gas Company2093 Words   |  9 PagesTitle of Paper: Case Study -2 Name: Asbel Muniz Matta Class Name: TLMT 313 University Name: American Military University Instructor Name: Keith Wade I. Mayor Factor 1. Mr. Bill Murphy, manager of supply management for the Fauquier Gas Company in the Carolinas. 2. Fauquier Gas Company, as one of the nation’s 440 gas companies. 3. Served an area where land use was changing from Agricultural,Read MoreFauquier Gas Company Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesCase Name: Fauquier Gas Company I. Major Facts 1. Fauquier Gas Company is one of 440 gas companies in the United States. 2. Mr. Bill Murphy is the manager of supply management in the Carolina’s. 3. Mr. Murphy is responsible for the purchase of materials used in the gas distribution process such as fittings, pipes and meters. 4. Mr. Murphy is also responsible for the procurement of furniture, stores management, materials forecasting and control, systems and forms. 5. Supply falls under the

History And History History Repeating Itself - 774 Words

When it comes to the topic of history repeating itself, some say that history is like a pattern that does nothing but repeat itself. Other say it does not repeat itself but that it rhymes. Some proclaim on their believe, that there is no connection between and history event that leads to â€Å"history repeating itself†. Different claims are made however I am one to believe that history does repeat itself. It does not repeat itself by event occurring exactly the same, yet with similar attitudes to certain thing. Similar situations are always occurring just with different people, time, and in different ways. Two similar ‘events’ that occurred in history were that of slaver and that of the holocaust. Both Occurred in different times, yet both happened because of discrimination towards people of a different race than those committing the acts. These two ‘events’ are a reflection on how poor people reactions where, and how history tends to repeat itself, j ust in a different matter. History repeats itself and the way to show it is the two horrific events in different but similar ways a, the Holocaust and slavery and the poor reaction on people. Both the holocaust and slavery had to do with discrimination. They both focus on discrimination a certain race, and/or on an aspect of appearance. The pain was different both in a way quite similar. Both were forced to work for another ‘race’ that felt more superior to them and other races. Both would have to go through the pain ofShow MoreRelatedHistory Is Repeating Itself By James Baldwin1807 Words   |  8 PagesHistory is Repeating Itself Introduction Over the past few years, there have been multiple cases involving what some claim to be police brutality. The past couple of years have had incidents reminiscent of the sixties. Racial tensions have risen and numerous ongoing riots have broken out. There has been fires and lootings and such due to these riots. The question is, is America going back in time? In December of 2014, a monthly magazine called â€Å"The Progressive† republished an article written byRead MoreDoes History Matter? Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents, lawyers and many more have relied on history books and researches on significant events in history to prove their point. The question why history matters has been asked many times. It has been asked by students, teachers and parents sometimes. Some people may see this question as ridiculously easy but I see it as one of the hardest ones yet asked. Does History matter? This question can’t be answered in one sentence. Try asking people why history is important and the answer is usually â€Å"It’sRead More The Hypocrisy of Teaching American History Essays630 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hypocrisy of Teaching American History Reading, writing and arithmetic, these three subjects are the basic outline for American schools. In those subjects, where does history fit in? Some believe that teachers avoid history because of how corrupt America has been. James W. Loewen, author of Lies My Teacher Told Me, says, Parents may feel undermined when children get tools of information not available to adults and use them in ways that seem to threaten adult-held values. (Loewen 296.) TheRead MoreConflict Repeats Itself739 Words   |  3 Pageshappen over and over again, therefore history does repeat itself in regards to conflict. Different rulers (or people) from different time periods may have the same reasoning and opinions so they handle conflicts the same way, same types of conflicts which involve country fighting a country happen all across the world no matter the time period and people all over the world have went against the government. All of these things support why history does repeat itself when talking about conflict. FirstRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Khmer Rouge920 Words   |  4 Pages1.7 million dead. Men, women, children, some innocent, some not. According to Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian genocide is one of the three worst genocides in the history of the world. It was one of the most atrocious acts, since 1945, ever done on its own people by Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot. When Cambodia won its independence from France, it was ruled by Prince Sihanouk. In February 1969, the United States was secretly bombing Cambodia. A year later, a small communist party called Khmer Rouge, startedRead MoreThe Theory Of Knowledge Has Reflected Upon For Many Years Now1384 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic organization of facts,† is a quote said to shed light onto what knowledge really is. Two particular Areas of Knowing (Human Sciences, and History), have been identified as following this quote, but I disagree. The human sciences uses people as the basis for gaining knowledge, and is not only the systematic organization of facts. Likewise, History is more complex and person dependent, rather than only being a systematic organization of facts. The human sciences is a unique area of knowledgeRead MoreThe Second Prophecy Of The Bible1056 Words   |  5 Pages(Days of Ezekiel). The parallels in the description of occurrences between ancient times and modern times are almost identical. With the direct fulfillment of two prophecies in Ezekiel, it seems as if history truly is repeating itself. If one is able to reach this conclusion that history is repeating itself in a chronological manner based on the overwhelming similarities between ancient and modern historical occurrences, then preparing for the next occurrence could not be more crucial. The next occurrenceRead MoreThere Are Several Instances Where It Appears As If History1300 Words   |  6 Pagesit appears as if history repeats itself- the Salem Witch Trials, Red Scare, Holocaust, Japanese Internment Camps, and many more. Could Trump’s Travel Ban be a new addition to this list? The Salem Witch Trials is known as a dark and embarrassing time in our history, yet t he same events seem to re-occur in history. Mass hysteria continues to influence our society to make destructive decisions. As a result of history repeating itself, a person can conclude America may be repeating the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreKing Leopolds Ghost860 Words   |  4 Pagesplunder of the Congo and the rest of Africa was brutal, but so was the European settlement of North America and, long before that, the conquest of most of European by the Romans. Hasn’t history always proceeded in this way? Well yea, history has a way of repeating itself. Nothing only happens one time in history. There is always going to be those crazy Hitler type people out there and those who go power drunk and take over their country and then try to take over the world. And yes, wheneverRead MoreAnalysis Of Retouch Yourself : The Pleasures And Politics Of Digital Cosmetic Surgery1429 Words   |  6 PagesSo the real question that is being discussed here is to what extent should images be modified or if they should even be modified at all. Another point that Sheehan discusses in this chapter is that history appears to be repeating itself, Sheehan states that â€Å"We might say history is repeating itself, as the aesthetic and ethical questions raised by digital manipulation in fashion and celebrity photography recapitulate debates first wages in the 1870’s† (Sheehan, 2014, p. 184) This can be backed up

Plot Summary Young Goodman Brown Free Essays

The story begins when the young Goodman Brown is saying goodbye to his wife, Faith. She asks him to stay with her, saying that she feels scared when she is alone. Goodman Brown tells her that he must travel for one night and reminds her to say her prayers and go to bed early so she will safe. We will write a custom essay sample on Plot Summary: Young Goodman Brown or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goodman Brown walks on a road through a forest. He looks around, afraid of what might be behind each tree, thinking that there might be Indians or the devil there. He soon comes upon a man in the road who greets Goodman Brown. More Summary of Devil at My Heels The man is dressed in regular clothing and looks normal except for a walking stick with a serpent carved that he carried. Goodman Brown and this mysterious figure go into the dark forest, the man offers Goodman Brown the staff, he says that it might help him walk faster, but Goodman Brown refuses. He says that he came to their meeting because he promised to do, but does not wish to touch the staff and wants to return to the village. Goodman Brown tells to him that he feels ashamed to socialize with him because he and his family members is Christian and good people. The man replies that he knew Goodman Brown’s family and other members of churches, and even the governor of the state. The purpose of their journey is to join in a ritual. Goodman Brown expresses reluctance, not only once but several times. He refuses because he says that he wants to return to his house for Faith. At that moment, there is a woman come and Goodman Brown knew that she is Goody Cloyse, who he knows to be a pious, respected woman from the village. He hides, ashamed to be seen with the man. She identifies him as the devil and reveals herself to be a witch, on her way to the devil’s evil forest ceremony. The man gives Goodman Brown his staff then the man tells him that he can use it for transport to the ceremony if he changes his mind. Then he hears the voices of the minister of the church and Deacon Gookin, they are also on their way to the ceremony. Goodman Brown swears that even though everyone else in the world has gone to the devil, for Faith’s sake he will stay true to God. And, he hears voices coming from the ceremony and thinks he recognizes Faith’s voice. He screams her name, and a pink ribbon from her cap flutters down from the sky. After he knew that Faith has turned to devil and there is no good in the world, Goodman Brown gets the staff, which brings him quickly through the forest to the ceremony. When he arrived at the ceremony, he looks around to the forest, the trees are on fire, he sees his father, his mother, the minister, Deacon Gookin, Goody Cloyse and Martha Carrier. He and Faith approach the altar and they are to be anointed in blood to seal their alliance with wickedness. He tells Faith to look up to heaven and resist the devil, but suddenly he finds himself alone in the forest. The next morning Goodman Brown returns to Salem Village. Everyone that he passes is seems evil to him. He sees the minister and he refuses to accept the blessing from the minister who blessed him. He hears Deacon Gookin praying and he calls him as a witch. He sees Goody Cloyse quizzing a young girl on Bible verses and snatches the girl away. He sees Faith at his house and refuses to greet her. It’s unclear whether the meeting in the forest was a dream or not. But, Goodman Brown is changed. Now, He can’t believe the words of the minister, doesn’t trust anyone in his village, and doesn’t fully love his wife as before. He lives in the rest of his life with gloom and fear. How to cite Plot Summary: Young Goodman Brown, Papers

Intersexuality And Scripture Essays - Gender, Sex, Intersex

Intersexuality And Scripture Intersexuality and Scripture Sally Gross As a brute physical phenomenon, the bodiliness of people like us who are born intersexed challenges cherished assumptions about sex and gender made by many people within Western society. A variety of social institutions, including the dominant canons of medical practice and conceptions, much of the domain of the law itself, and some of the religious teachings which have loomed so large in the history of the West, tend strongly to support the notion that sex and gender is a dichotomy, and that any given human being is either deterninately and unequivocally male or determinately and unequivocally female. Congenitally intersexed physicality gives the lie to this dichotomous model of sex and gender. It is scant wonder, therefore, that fundamentalist Christians, who could be expected strongly to support the dichotomy which looms so large in the idealised model of the family, should feel threatened by the phenomenon of intersexuality and should seek to find religious arguments against it. It is not uncommon for Christian fundamentalists, faced with intersexuality as a brute fact, to adduce scriptural grounds for the condemnation of avowed intersexuality, at least, as ``unnatural'' and as something which is at odds with the will of God as expressed in the order of creation. This theological condemnation of lived intersexual identities also finds expression in unconditional support for surgical interventions, as early as possible, aimed at making the unacceptably ambiguous bodies of intersexed infants and children conform to the dichotomous model, in which there is no room whatsoever for ambiguity. This apparently religiously-motivated endorsement of surgery is insensitive to the fact that in most cases surgery is not necessitated by any real threat to the life or health of the infant, so that it is purely cosmetic in character. It is also insensitive to the fact that such aesthetically-driven surgical interventions frequently give rise to medical problems later in lif e, and can therefore be directly detrimental to the health of an otherwise flourishing intersexed person. Two Biblical proof-texts in particular tend to be cited as part of this rejection of intersexual identities and to show that intersexed bodies must be cut into conformity with the male/female dichotomy. The first of these texts is Genesis 1:27: ``So God created man [the Hebrew is ``Adam''] in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.'' This is claimed to show that human beings are, by virtue of the divine ordering of creating itself, either male and not female or female and not male, and that nothing intermediate or ambiguous is sanctioned. The second of these proof-texts is Numbers 5:3 which, in connexion with those who contract particular ritual defilements, commands that ``you shall put out both male and female''. Those who brandish this verse note that ``both male and female'' means everyone, and that this implies that there can be no-one who is not unambiguously male or unambiguously female. Both proof-texts, but particularly Genesis 1:27, are cited in defence of an absolute division between the sexes which will not tolerate anything in between. Let us therefore look at Genesis 1:27. I am not personally a Biblical literalist, and doubt that the two Biblical stories of creation (a priestly account, in Genesis 1:1 - 2:3, and what is called the Yahwist's account, in Genesis 2:4 - 2:24) were even intended to be taken literally. For all that, it is interesting to note that Genesis 1:27, the proof-text for Biblical literalists who wish to argue that hermaphroditism is somehow unnatural or unscriptural, is perhaps more ``herm-friendly'' than many Biblical literalists realise or than translations suggest; and there are early Jewish exegetical traditions which undermine its use as a scriptural rejection of intersex identity. Genesis 1:27 and Numbers 5:3 (which also has a section which the RSV translated as: ``both male and female'', used as synonymous with ``everyone'') have sometimes been thrown at me in order to argue that God created all human beings determinately male or determinately female with nothing in-between. It has been used, in my experience, to argue that a person like me does not satisfy the Biblical criterion of humanity, from which it was inferred that I am

Help Children Who Are Chronic Liars Tell the Truth

Help Children Who Are Chronic Liars Tell the Truth Special educators will undoubtedly meet and teach students who seem to have difficulty telling the truth. Some of them may blame others to avoid getting in trouble, while some children may embroider elaborate stories as a means to join conversations. For other children, chronic lying may be part of an emotional or behavioral disorder. Behaviors and Coping Mechanisms The child who exaggerates, tells lies, or distorts the truth does so for a variety of reasons. A behavioral (ABA)  approach will always focus on the function  of the behavior, which in this case, is the lying.  Behaviorists identify four basic functions for behavior: avoidance or escape, to acquire something they want, to get attention, or for power or control. The same is true of lying. Often, children have learned a specific set of coping mechanisms. These are learned to avoid bringing attention to the childs inability to perform academically. These coping mechanisms also may come from children being raised by families that have poor coping mechanisms, mental health issues, or addiction problems. Children That Have Difficulty Telling the Truth Avoidance or escape. Students will often lie to avoid or escape a task they dont want to do or to avoid consequences that come with not completing an assignment or homework. If a student comes from a punitive home or has only experienced school as a punitive environment, it is common for students to lie. They do this to avoid the kind of punishment or shaming they have experienced at home or in a general education classroom, such as a teacher screaming. Acquire something they want. Everyone sometimes  shades the truth to get something they want. Children from homes that cannot or will not provide coveted items often steal, and then lie, in order to get items they would not generally have access to. This may include bright pencils, erasers in fun shapes, or highly desirable toys or games, such as Pokemon cards.   Attention. Chronic lying often falls in this category, though what a child may exhibit is, in  fact, poor social skills and the desire to command the attention of other students. They may create elaborate or fantastical stories that have no basis in truth but are a response to something the teacher or another student has said. Whether the purpose is to get attention by making extraordinary claims (my uncle is a movie star), or fantasy (I went to Paris with my cousins), positive attention for real accomplishments will reinforce correct and truthful behavior.   Power. Students who feel powerless or out of control may use lying in order to control the teacher, his or her peers, or another significant adult. Students may want to get their classmates in trouble, sometimes breaking or ruining something in the classroom on purpose. Chronic or habitual liars rarely feel good about themselves. It is recommended to look for patterns in the childs lying. Consider if the lying only occurs at specific times or in specific situations. When one has identified the function or purpose of the behavior, they can plan appropriate interventions.   12 Interventions and Tips Always model telling the truth and avoiding little white lies.In small groups, role-play with students on the value of telling the truth. This will take time and some patience. Identify telling the truth as a classroom value.Role-play the potentially devastating consequences of lying.Do not accept excuses for lying, as lying is not acceptable.Children should understand the hurtful consequences of lying and whenever possible, they should apologize for lying.Logical consequences need to be in place for the child who lies.Children will lie to protect themselves from the punishment of scolding. Avoid scolding but maintain a calm demeanor. Thank children for telling the truth. Apply a lesser consequence for a student who takes responsibility for their actions.Do not punish students for accidents. Cleaning up or apologizing should be the most appropriate consequence.Children need to be part of the solution and consequences. Ask them what they are prepared to give or do as a result of the l ie. Teachers can explain to the child that what he or she did is the problem. Teachers should reinforce that its not the child, but what he or she did that is upsetting, and explain why the disappointment is there.Catch the chronic liar telling the truth and commend them.  Avoid lectures and quick, irrational threats.

How to Say What in Spanish

How to Say What in Spanish Perhaps you have seen the word what translated to Spanish in Spanish in various ways and wanted to know the differences in how they are used. Common ways of translating what include include  quà ©, cà ³mo, lo que, and cul. To know when to use the correct version of what, it is helpful to know how what is being used and how it functions as a part of speech. Key Takeaways: Using "What" in Spanish To translate what to Spanish, you need first to determine how it is being used in a sentence, for example as a pronoun or adjective.The most common translation of what is quà ©; the accent mark is mandatory.Cul is sometimes used for what when implying a choice. Quà © as 'What' Most of the time, especially in questions and exclamations, quà © is a good translation for what. Note the accent mark; quà © and que have substantially different uses and can be thought of as different words. Here are a few examples of how to say quà ©Ã‚  as what:  ¿Quà © hora es? (What time is it?) ¡Quà © mujer! (What a woman!) ¿Quà © es la verdad? (What is the truth?) ¿Quà © es la ONU? (What is the U.N.?) ¿Quà © pasa? (Whats happening?) Quà © is also used in indirect questions, in which a question is raised within a statement. This is is most common after forms of saber (to know): No sà © quà © hacer con mi vida. (I dont know what to do with my life.)Quiero saber quà © te preocupa. (I want to know what is bothering you.)El nià ±o sabe quà © es. (The boy knows what it is.)No me pregunta quà © hago aquà ­. (Dont ask me what Im doing.) Cul and Cuales for 'Which One(s)' As a pronoun, cul or cules is used to say what when it means which one or which ones. In other words, cul or cules suggests there is a choice of some sort.  ¿Cul prefieres? (What do you prefer? Which one do you prefer?) ¿Cules prefieres? (What do you prefer? Which ones do you prefer?) ¿Cul vas a comprar? (What are you going to buy? Which one are you going to buy?) Note how cul can be made plural even though what can be either singular or plural, depending on the context. Sometimes, cul is used as a pronoun where a choice of some sort is implied, even though which wouldnt work in English. Theres no clear rule on these, but as you learn the language the word choice will seem natural. Notice the difference between the phrases below:  ¿Cul es el problema? (What is the problem? Literally: Which is the problem? In other words, of the possible problems, which one is it?) ¿Cul es su motivacià ³n? (What is her motive? Literally: Which is her motive? Of the possible motivations, which one is it?) ¿Cul es la diferencia entre un asteroide y un cometa? (What is the difference between an asteroid and a comet? In other words, of the possible differences between an asteroid and comet, which one is it?) Quà © or Cul As an Adjective Meaning 'What' or 'Which' As an adjective that is before a noun to mean what or which,  quà ©Ã‚  is usually used, although cul is used in some regions or by some speakers. Quà © is almost always the safer choice; cul might be considered substandard in some areas. For example:  ¿Quà © manzana prefieres? (What/which apple do you prefer?) ¿Quà © camisas vas a comprar? (What/which shirts are you going to buy?Esta prueba tiene nueve preguntas para descubrir quà © fruta describe tu personalidad. (This quiz has nine questions for finding out what/which fruit describes your personality.) Lo Que Meaning 'That Which' Lo que can be translated as what when it means that which. This is especially common when what is the subject of a statement in English. Although it would sound awkward, what could be replaced by that which in these examples: Lo que me dijo es una mentira. (What she told me is a lie.)Lo que me enoja es su actitud hacia mi madre. (What makes me mad is his attitude toward my mother.)Veo lo que pasa. (I see what is happening.) Cà ³mo Meaning 'What' Cà ³mo is seldom used to mean what, except as an interjection expressing incredulity. In some areas,  ¿cà ³mo? is used to ask someone to say something over again, although in some other areas it can be considered mildly rude. Take a look at how these translations differ:  ¡Cà ³mo! No lo creo. (What! I dont believe it.) ¡Cà ³mo! No puede ser. (What! It cant be.) ¿Cà ³mo? (What? In other words, what did you say?)

Family Medical Leave Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Medical Leave Act - Research Paper Example The employees should meet the 1250 minimum working hours under their current positions, as well, to gain eligibility to have the leave. The law outlines the procedure for the acquisition of a leave under the act. An eligible qualified employee for the leave files a thirty-day advanced request for leave. The acceptance of the request filed by the employee depends on the employer’s receipt of the required documents for approval. There is a provision for eighteen days for the return of certification healthcare forms from a qualified healthcare provider. Non-compliance with the provisions outlined in the procedure amounts to non-approval of the request for the leave. At the end of the leave, the employee brings a notification, from the health provider, stating the position of the employee to return to duty. The notification shall provide, where need be, restrictions that the employee should consider in relation to the execution of duty. The notification submission is a day before the employee returns from the leave. The FMLA covers a number of categories of employers in various sectors. It covers employers who have fifty or more than that number of employees under their service. It covers state employers. Also covered in the act are local government employers. The later does not have any provision of the minimum number of employees (Alexander & Alexander, 2005). Under the law, there are provisions that allow employees to who is eligible to take work leaves. The employees’ right to take twelve weeks to leave should have its basis on the various reasons stipulated therein, within any period of twelve months. The circumstances, under which the break can be granted, include the birth of a child. An employee also has the right to a work break within twelve months period to take care of a newborn. The law also provides for work breaks for employees for reasons of placement of a child, by the employee.  

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-sections and Longitudinal Re Assignment

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-sections and Longitudinal Research for Measuring Life Course Changes - Assignment Example As seen in the work of Quadagno (2014), cross-sectional research is advantageous as is allows making comparisons between diverse aged persons of different age cohorts. This is to mean that the researchers can ask similar questions to different persons then make comparisons from the responses given through analysis and evaluation. Secondly, cross-sectional studies are advantageous as they have the capacity to survey the age differences in the attitudes and the conduct of the aged (Quadagno, 2014; Settersten & Angel, 2011). This explains the extent to which the cross-sectional studies are valid in an assessment of the aged. However, the cross-sectional studies as indicated by Quadagno (2014) and Settersten & Angel (2011) have the disadvantage that they do not have the capacity the changes that occur as the person's age. The studies, therefore, is a key concept in gerontology. As seen in the research conducted by Grenier (2012), longitudinal research is the most appropriate way of studying the age. First, Quadagno (2014) indicates that through the longitudinal research, it is possible that the researcher traces the development of them as they progress over time. The second advantage of the longitudinal research revolves around the fact that this kind of research, is better placed for differentiating between the age, period as well as the cohort effects. However, the major disadvantage of longitudinal research as Quadagno (2014) writes relates to cost issues. Since the longitudinal research involves tracing the development of individual overage, the researcher may incur lots of costs in an attempt to follow-up progressive growth of individuals. In this perspective as well, it is important to note some of the persons may even die prior to completion of the research. Conclusively, the past events of  the life of an aged person play a role in gerontological research. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies contribute a great deal to the study of the aging population.  

Disadvantages To Primary Nursing Environment Nursing Essay

Disadvantages To Primary Nursing Environment Nursing Essay Primary Nursing is a concept that emphasises on patient centred care. This model of care delivery will help Mr Grant to take control of and be responsible for his health. It also provides continuity of care by having only one nurse providing complete care for Mr Grant. Effective coordination between members of the health care team such as physiotherapy, social worker and the primary nurse will help towards achieving a rapid recovery for Mr Grant. The primary nurse is able to see the progression of Mr Grant health compared to other nurses who occasionally care for him. Primary nursing empowers the primary nurse who knows Mr Grant better to decide how to provide care and educate Mr Grant on the steps to recovery. However the nurse may also lack skills to provide holistic care for a patient with complex needs. Tingle (1992) claims that some nurses can find it hard to develop a close relationship with patients. Another major problem associated with practising primary nursing is psycholo gical distress; the nurse may feel isolated particularly when their patient is dying. The nurse also sometimes might push themselves too hard causing them to be overstressed and fatigue increasing the risk of negligence (Melchoir et al.1999, p.89-90). Client Assessment Discuss the importance of performing and documenting a thorough nursing assessment at the commencement of your care of John. (150-200 words) A thorough nursing assessment at the commencement of care enables the nurse to identify actual and potential problems of Mr Grant (Fawcett Rhynas 2012). Nursing assessment provides a baseline so that the nurse can identify changes in Mr Grants condition and alerts the nurse to deviation from normal expected values (Fawcett Rhynas 2012). According to Funnell, Koutoukidis and Lawrence (2009), the information gathered during the nursing assessment will help the nurse to guide a plan of care for Mr Grant and address the patients specific needs. Mr Grant has a slightly high blood pressure, high respiratory rate and shortness of breath which are signs and symptoms of respiratory distress and hypoxia therefore he should be monitored closely to avoid deterioration of his health status (Funnell, Koutoukidis Lawrence 2009). Due to his restless behaviour and confused state, Mr Grant is at risk of a potential fall as he is trying to get out of bed. Moreover, Mr Grant has an indwelling cathete r and a chest tube drainage which could be possibly dislodged when trying to get out of bed. Complex Nursing Care John has an arterial line insitu. Discuss the reasons for insertion, nursing management of the device and potential problems a client may experience. (150-200 words) According to Kaur (2006), an arterial line insitu will monitor Mr Grants blood pressure directly, continuously, and accurately. Mr Grants oxygenation and ventilation can be assessed by measuring arterial blood gas through the arterial line insitu (Perry Potter, 2010). Measurement of the arterial blood gas provides valuable information in assessing and managing Mr Grants respiratory and metabolic disturbances (Perry Potter, 2010). Automatic blood pressure monitoring can cause severe bruising for patient taking anticoagulant, arterial monitoring can be used to monitor Mr Grants blood pressure (Kaur 2006). At the beginning of each shift, the nurse has to check the patients BP, from the opposite arm to avoid interrupting the arterial pressure readings, using a sphygmomanometer for comparison (Kaur 2006). Aseptic technique should be maintained when handling the arterial line. The nurse has to check that all the connections are tight and that the pressure bag is at 300 mm Hg at all times t o keep the system patent (Kaur 2006). Only flushing solution should be injected or infused in the arterial line, if there is an air bubble in the line the air bubble should be withdrawn with a syringe before flushing to prevent air embolism as explained by Perry and Potter (2010) . The insertion site should be monitored for bleeding and signs and symptoms of infection, including erythema, warmth, tenderness, oedema, and purulent discharge (Kaur 2006). Arterial line insitu is invasive, this type of BP monitoring raises Mr Grants risk of a bloodstream infection and haemorrhage, which can occur very quickly if the line becomes disconnected (Kaur 2006). An arterial line also limits the patients mobility. Monitoring the patient closely could avoid potential problems such as haemorrhage from accidental catheter disconnection or loose connections, thrombus formation, air embolism, local obstruction with resultant ischemia, and infection (Kaur 2006). At night, John becomes tired. He is treated with CPAP while he sleeps. Discuss this mode of ventilation. In your answer, you must include the reasons for use on a fatigued patient, how it works at cellular level, and the nursing management of a patient on CPAP ventilation.(150-200 words) Continuous positive airway pressure is a self ventilating form of positive and expiratory pressure (Woodrow P, 2012). The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) keeps the terminal airways, alveoli, partially inflated, reducing the risk for actelectasis (Perry Potter, 2010). During exhalation, the continuous positive airway pressure machine continues to blow air to keep the airway open and also pushes the exhale air and carbon dioxide out through holes in the mask (Perry Potter, 2010). The application of a continuous flow of gas to the airway creates a positive pressure which makes it easier for Mr Grant to breathe in. The positive pressure maintained at the end of expiration by the positive end expiratory pressure valve prevents alveolar collapse and improves lung compliance (Perry Potter, 2010). The patient does require as much effort is to inflate the alveoli. Hence reduces respiratory effort or work of breathing, and oxygen consumption and helps to reduce work of breathing in respiratory fatigued patients (Marshall Pittard 1998). The nurse needs to continuously assess the patient as there is always the potential for their condition to deteriorate. CPAP has the potential to cause gastric distension by forcing air down the oesophagus which may lead to vomiting and puts the patient at significant risk for aspiration. According to Marshall Pittard (1998) continuous monitoring of the patients respiratory status and arterial blood gases is important for the early detection of worsening respiratory failure. Respiratory assessment should include monitoring the patients rate, depth, quality and pattern of respiration as well as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of the chest (Marshall Pittard 1998). Regular assessment of blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral perfusion and urine output will provide the nurse with important information about the adequacy of circulation and assessment of patients haemodynamic status (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2011). The nurse should provide full explanation of the circuit and constant reassurance; this can significantly reduce anxiety and improve patient compliance with the therapy. Patient education is fundamental to the success of CPAP (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2011) John has an intercostal catheter insitu. What is the purpose of an inter-costal catheter and why is it on underwater seal drainage? Discuss the nursing assessment and management of this device during client treatment. (150-200 words) Mr Grant has sustained severe trauma to the chest in the MCA, which could have caused a collection of air in the pleural space and an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity. Intercostal Catheter Insitu is used for chest trauma to remove air and fluid (Perry Potter, 2010). Perry Potter (2010) explains that the underwater seal drainage device acts as a one-way drainage device allowing drainage out of the pleural space, but preventing air from entering or re-entering the pleural space when the patient breathes in. An underwater seal drainage bottle can give some visual clues about the progress of a pneumothorax which indicates decrease of bubbling and swinging in the underwater seal drainage bottle (Briggs 2010). The nurse should monitor the appearance of the drainage and document this at least once a shift. The chest tube drainage appearance and output may need to be documented more frequently than once a shift in cases where the patient has a large amount of drainage or if the nurse suspects that Mr Grant is having an unexpected amount of drainage (Sullivan 2008). Briggs (2010) outlines that all chest tubes should be routinely monitored for the presence of an air leak should be documented in the patient record and reported during hand over. Regular pain assessments are required to maintain adequate analgesic relief from the discomfort and pain caused by chest drains (Crisp Taylor 2009). The chest drain should always he kept blow the level of the patients chest to prevent back flow of fluid in to the pleural space. If the drain needs to be raised above the patients chest, when moving the patient in bed, the tube can be kinked to prevent back flow (Sullivan 2008). Chest dressings should be assessed every day for oozing and signs of inflammation and changed if oozing is present. Inflammation should be monitored and if worsening a swab should be sent for analysis as stated by Sullivan (2008). The drain tubing should never be secured to the patients b edding or clothing, as sudden movements by the patient could cause the drain to become dislodged, allowing air to enter the pleural cavity (Crisp Taylor 2009). It is also important to encourage the patient to mobilise; this can be in the form of deep breathing for bed-bound patients, or short walks and raising arms in the more active patient (Perry Potter, 2010). The movement will help with fluid and air drainage. Evidence based practice When administering S/C heparin, some nurses swab the area with an alcohol swab before injecting and some nurses do not. What Evidence of Best Practice (EBP) can you find that supports or does not support swabbing skin with alcohol preparation before a subcutaneous injection. In your answer, you must include journal references. (150-200 words) According to Cocoman and Murray (2007), swabbing the injection site with a saturated 70% alcohol swab for 30 seconds and allowing to dry for 30 seconds is essential in order to reduce the number of pathogens. However, recent evidence demonstrated that in instances where the skin was not disinfected before injection, no single case of local or systemic infection was observed. Research supports that skin preparation before injection should be administered when giving injections to particular patients as stated by Gittens and Bunnell (2009). These include older patients, those who are ill, or those who are immunocompromised, as it has been shown that certain groups in society are at greater risk of developing infection (Gittens Bunnell 2009). Certain bacteria on the skin have a low potential to cause infection if the immunity of the patient is not impaired or compromised as researched by Gittens Bunnell (2009). In conclusion, my research on evidence based practice on swabbing the skin shows that the use of alcohol swabs is not necessary before a subcutaneous injection. However to ensure the site is not contaminated, it is extremely important to adhere to thorough hand hygiene. If using an alcohol preparation, it is important to wait thirty seconds to reduce the incidence of stinging and inoculation of bacteria at the site. Critical Thinking John has been prescribed six medications. Discuss the reasons he may have been prescribed these medications based on his presenting complaint. Should John be prescribed a sedation for his restless behaviour? Why/why not? (150-200 words) Metoclopramide According to Tiziani (2010, p.208-209), Mr Grant was prescribed metoclopramide control nausea and vomiting. To reduce the side effects of nausea and vomiting as most of the medications that have been prescribed for him will cause this adverse reaction. Metoclopramide will also help with aspiration due to the CPAP. Ceftriaxone Mr Grant is coughing up green sputum which indicates an infection in the lungs. Ceftriaxone is used as a broad spectrum antibiotic to treat respiratory tract infection which Mr Grant might have (Tiziani 2010, p. 100) Paracetamol Mr Grant has sustained two fractures to the right ankle and right clavicle which will cause severe pain. Hence paracetamol has been prescribed for pain relief (Tiziani 2010, p. 11). This medication will also help to reduce the high temperature of Mr Grant. Phenytoin Mr Grant incurred a head injury in the motor vehicle accident. Phenytoin is used after severe head trauma and prevents the spread of seizure activity across the motor cortex (Tiziani, p. 222). Irbersartan Tiziani (2010, p. 265) states that this medication is prescribed for patients with mild to moderate blood pressure. In this scenario, Irbersartan is used to treat Mr Grants high blood pressure of 159/90 and he also had an unstable blood pressure in ICU. Clexane This medication will help to dissolve clots formed as a result of damage to the head, chest and abdomen in the impact of the motor vehicle accident. Since he is having a lot of respiratory problem it could also indicate a possibility of pulmonary embolism and this is why clexane has been prescribed. Yes, John should be prescribed a sedation to help him settle down. CPAP is very invasive and therefore this will help him to have a restless sleep. A sedation will help to decrease his respiratory rate. Reflective Thinking Johns path to recovery will be a process of physical and emotional challenges. Discuss the physical and emotional needs that John may need when being discharged from hospital. (150-200 words) When discharged from hospital, Mr Grant recovery will be challenged by physical and emotional needs. Mr Grant lost his wife in the car accident and he was under the influence of alcohol. This might severely impact his self esteem as he might hold himself responsible for the car accident. Moreover, grief might have a potential impact on Mr Grants physical social, cognitive, emotional behavioural and spiritual aspects of his everyday life. Mr Grant has sustained multiple injuries and this will severely impact on his ability to do run his everyday life. This can cause emotional and psychological distress as he was an active person. The primary nurse has to work in collaboration with the social worker, occupational therapist, physiotherapist and psychiatrist to develop a discharge plan which will address the physical and emotional needs of Mr Grant. Mr Grant was driving under the influence of alcohol when he had the motor vehicle accident, referring Mr Grant to clinicians with specialist s skills in alcohol and follow up monitoring and care coordination will be help towards his recovery. Involve the church community to support him with his spiritual needs and also include the family in the discharge planning. Mission/ Value Statements Healthcare facilities define their mission statement/values/philosophy. This statement underpins their code of practice. Select a statement/mission/philosophy of one Australian hospital and discuss how their code of practice may be reflective of John and his familys personal and social belief system. (150-200 words) As Mr Grant was actively involved in the Local Catholic church and regularly attended mass. I chose St Vincent Private values and care statement as it is a catholic hospital and it will be beneficial for Mr Grant due to his religious faith. St Vincent Private (2012) values are Compassion, Justice, Integrity and excellence. Compassion is a vital aspect of good nursing care. It involves the nurse developing a rapport with Mr Grant and providing holistic care. St Vincent values that, nurses showing compassion plays a major role in providing dignified care to patients. Compassionate care will enable Mr Grant to remain independent and retain his dignity. St Vincent hospital aim to make sure that nurses are available to render care and that Mr Grant is aware that quality care is available to them. Care will be given according to Mr Grants needs. Integrity is about being truthful to the patient and about the care he is receiving. It is also about providing the right care according to Mr Gra nts personal and social belief. Excellence is dedicated to provide outstanding care and customer service to Mr Grant and his family. St Vincent embodies the drive to perfect their competencies and enhance the quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness of their care. Being in a catholic hospital Mr Grant will be able to receive pastoral care and attend mass regularly depending on his health condition. Mr Grant lost his wife in the car accident and confession can help him to deal with grief.

Mountains vs Beaches Vacation

Editing Worksheet for Essay Drafts: ENG 111Your NameGregory Wishart 1. Name of the essay author Shakara Beals 2. Is the thesis statement the last sentence in the introductory paragraph and does it contain the three points? Yes ___ List the three points: a. liabilities incurred by the business b. financing of the business c. input and involvement in the business 3. Outline the essay below. Thesis Statement (copy) There are many similarities as well as differences between the two, which include the liabilities incurred by the business, the financing of the business, as well as the input and involvement in the business Support/Reason OneGeneral partnership assumes unlimited liability whereas a limited partnership has an outline of each partner's role in assumption of liability Support/Reason Two In a general partnership you receive an equal share, however with a limited partnership you have only invested in a portion of the business Support/Reason Three (may be there or not†¦could be the contrasting paragraph) A general partnership is involved with many more aspects of the daily operation of the business whereas a limited partner is not. 4. Are their three points listed in the same order in the body paragraph as introduced in the thesis statement?Yes 5. What pattern of development does the author use in this essay? You may underline one: narration, description, or division-classification. Now, tell me how you know. Due to thoroughly describing each type of partnership and showing the similarities and differences in detail. 6. Finally, what devices has the author used to create unity and coherence. Circle them below and then give me an example from the essay. Repeated Key Wordsliabilities, partners Synonyms Pronouns (give me antecendent) Parallel Structure Transitional ExpressionsLastly, on the other hand, for instance Reference to previous point

Speech And Debate Block 4 - 901 Words

Tessa Buono Mr. Donley Speech and Debate, Block 4 12 November 2014 What Really Happened? Raise your hand if you agree, two towers fell on 9/11. Now, raise your hand if you believe three towers fell on 9/11. Those of you who are raising your hands now are more informed than the average American. On 9/11, in the late afternoon, a third building, just blocks away from the twin towers, fell. The building was called WTC 7, or building 7. (PHOTO 1) Why do many Americans not know about Building 7? The Building’s collapse was not mentioned in the 9/11 Commission Report. Also, it took nearly seven years for the federal government to conduct an investigation on the collapse of the building. So why is the collapse of this Building hidden in secrecy? It was due to the fact that it had no evident reason for why it fell. Many news reporters stated that the reasoning behind the building’s collapse was due to the small, contained fire inside the Building. 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The Most Abundant Types of Insect Fossils

Since insects lack bones, they didnt leave behind skeletons for paleontologists to unearth millions of years later. How do scientists learn about ancient insects without fossilized bones to study? They examine the abundant evidence found in the different types of insect fossils described below. For the purpose of this article, weve defined a fossil as any preserved physical evidence of insect life from a time period prior to recorded human history. Preserved in Amber Much of what we know about prehistoric insects is derived from evidence trapped in amber, or ancient tree resin. Because tree resin is a sticky substance – think of a time when youve touched pine bark and come away with sap on your hands – insects, mites, or other tiny invertebrates would quickly become trapped upon landing on the weeping resin. As the resin continued to ooze, it would soon encase the insect, preserving its body. Amber inclusions date as far back as the Carboniferous period. Scientists can also find preserved insects in resin dated just a few hundred years old; these resins are called copal, not amber. Because amber inclusions form only where trees or other resinous plants grew, the insect evidence recorded in amber documents the relationship between ancient insects and forests. Put simply, insects trapped in amber lived in or near wooded areas. Studying Impressions If youve ever pressed your hand into a freshly poured bed of cement, youve created the modern equivalent of an impression fossil. An impression fossil is a mold of an ancient insect, or more often, a part of an ancient insect. The most durable parts of the insect, the hard sclerites, and wings, comprise the majority of impression fossils. Because impressions are just a mold of an object that was once pressed in the mud, and not the object itself, these fossils assume the color of the minerals in which they are formed. Typically, insect impressions include only a mold of the wing, frequently with sufficiently detailed wing venation to identify the organism to order or even family. Birds and other predators that might have eaten the insect would find the wings unpalatable, or perhaps even indigestible, and leave them behind. Long after the wing or cuticle has decayed, a copy of it remains etched in stone. Impression fossils date back to the Carboniferous period, providing scientists with snapshots of insect life from up to 299 million years ago. Compressions Some fossil evidence formed when the insect (or part of the insect) was physically compressed in sedimentary rock. In a compression, the fossil contains organic matter from the insect. These organic residues in the rock retain their color, so the fossilized organism is conspicuous. Depending on how coarse or fine the mineral comprising the fossil is, an insect preserved by compression may appear in extraordinary detail. Chitin, which makes up part of the insects cuticle, is a very durable substance. When the rest of the insect body decays, the chitinous components often remain. These structures, such as the hard wing covers of beetles, comprise most of the fossil record of insects found as compressions. Like impressions, compression fossils date back as far as the Carboniferous period. Trace Fossils Paleontologists describe dinosaur behavior based on their study of fossilized footprints, tail tracks, and coprolites – trace evidence of dinosaur life. Similarly, scientists studying prehistoric insects can learn a great deal about insect behavior through the study of trace fossils. Trace fossils capture clues to how insects lived in different geologic time periods. Just as hardened minerals can preserve a wing or cuticle, such fossilization can preserve burrows, frass, larval cases, and galls. Trace fossils provide some of the richest information about the co-evolution of plants and insects. Leaves and stems with obvious insect feeding damage comprise some of the most abundant fossil evidence. The trails of leaf miners, too, are captured in stone. Sediment Traps Younger fossils – if one can call 1.7 million-year-old fossils young – are recovered from sediment traps representing the Quaternary period. Insects and other arthropods immobilized in peat, paraffin, or even asphalt were entombed as layers of sediment accumulated over their bodies. Excavations of such fossiliferous sites often yield tens of thousands of beetles, flies, and other invertebrates. The La Brea tar pits, located in Los Angeles, is a famous sediment trap. Scientists there have excavated well over 100,000 arthropods, many of them carrion feeders that were preserved along with the large vertebrate carcasses on which they fed. Sediment traps provide scientists with more than a catalog of species from a certain geological time frame. Quite often, such sites also offer evidence of climate change. Many, if not most, of the invertebrate species found in sediment traps, are extant. Paleontologists can compare their fossil finds with the current known distributions of living species, and extrapolate information about the climate at the time those insects were entombed. Fossils recovered from the La Brea tar pits, for example, represent terrestrial species that inhabit higher elevations today. This evidence suggests the area was once cooler and moister than it is now. Mineral Replications In some fossil beds, paleontologists find perfect mineralized copies of insects. As the insects body decayed, dissolved minerals precipitated out of solution, filling the void left as the body disintegrated. A mineral replication is an accurate and often detailed 3-dimensional replica of the organism, in part or whole. Such fossils typically form in places where water is rich with minerals, so animals represented by mineral replications are often marine species. Mineral replications give paleontologists an advantage when excavating fossils. Because the fossil is usually formed of a different mineral than the surrounding rock, they can often dissolve the outer rock bed to remove the embedded fossil. For example, silicate replications can be extracted from limestone using an acid. The acid will dissolve the calcareous limestone, leaving the silicate fossil unscathed.